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  • Optimum conditions of killer toxins produced by Torulaspora delbrueckii and Wickerhamomyces anomalus and their action as antifungal agents

    • Authors: Abu-Mejdad, Najwa Mohammed Jameel Ali;  Advisor: -;  Participants: Al-Saadoon, Abdullah H.; Al-Badran, Adnan I.; Minati, Mohammed Hussein (2020)

  • The results showed that the optimum conditions of these experiments were detected at 30 °C, 150 rpm, pH 4.5, 3 days incubation period and by using one culture medium (yeast malt extract broth with 2% SDS). The extracted crude toxin had an excellent effect on Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. The inhibition zone values were 35 and 30 mm for WK and TK, respectively, against Candida albicans. While the lowest values of inhibition zone were recorded at 25 mm for WK and 18 mm for TK against Aspergillus flavus. The WK killer toxins were in general more active against the three clinical strains compared to the TK that had the lowest inhibitory effect.
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  • Genetic diversity and spread of glyphosate-resistant flaxleaf fleabane

    • Authors: Minati, Mohammed Hussein;  Advisor: -;  Participants: Preston, Christopher; Malone, Jenna (2020)

  • The high percentage of polymorphisms in the samples of the susceptible population (79.8%, 75%) suggests that susceptible populations of flaxleaf fleabane, even within one site, originated from a number of parents. However, the percentage of polymorphism in the resistant populations (51.5%, 66.8%) suggests that resistant populations of flaxleaf fleabane within one site could have originated from fewer parents. In addition, any site containing resistant and susceptible populations of flaxleaf fleabane may have been populated by a large number of parents, evidenced by the relatively high percentage of polymorphisms detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis (86.5%).
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  • Resistance of flaxleaf fleabane (Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist) to glyphosate

    • Authors: Minati, Mohammed Hussein;  Advisor: -;  Participants: Preston, Christopher; Malone, Jenna (2020)

  • To investigate the processes contributing to the evolution and spread of glyphosate-resistant flaxleaf fleabane, the resistant populations tested in dose-response experiments varied in their responses to glyphosate from two to eight times the recommended rate. The different dose responses obtained may indicate different mechanisms of resistance. This can possibly be attributed to an independent evolution of resistance. The results demonstrate that glyphosate resistance is widespread across Australia and has likely evolved multiple times as well as dispersing by seeds.
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  • A new report on gene expression of three killer toxin genes with antimicrobial activity of two killer toxins in Iraq

    • Authors: Abu-Mejdad, Najwa Mohammed Jameel Ali;  Advisor: -;  Participants: Al-Badran, Adnan I.; Al-Saadoon, Abdullah H.; Minati, Mohammed Hussein (2020)

  • For the first time, 31 type strains of yeasts were tested for killer toxin production in Iraq via the measurement of gene expression of three killer toxin genes (M1, M2, and M28) within the mycovirus in yeasts. All the type strains gave an expression for the three killer toxins with variable levels. The highest expression was recorded for the killer toxin genes in Torulaspora delbrueckii followed by Wickerhamomyces anomalus. Determined antibacterial activity of two killer toxins appeared with high inhibition zone against pathogenic strains of bacteria. Cytotoxicity against human blood cells was not found. These results considered the first record of killer toxins isolated from type strains in Iraq.
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