This report documents the state of biodiversity, ecosystem goods and services, and the dependency of people on the ecosystems of the reserve. It also examines linkages between different drivers of change, identifies levels of vulnerability and the coping strategies of the surrounding communities, and recommends future strategies for adaptation based on the research. This report can be used as a valuable tool for researchers, development planners, and policy makers working on conservation and development in the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and its surrounding area.