BBAuthors: Amer, Azza K.; Advisor: -; Participants: Khalaf, Nervana A.; Aboelmakarem, Safia H.; Elsobky, Mehry S.; Abdelrasoul, Mona R. (2020)
There were increased serum levels of VEGF in T1DM suffering from DR compared to those without. Also, there was increased +405 C/C of VEGF polymorphism and C allele frequency related to the severity of DR (non-proliferative retinopathy (NPR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and macular edema (ME)) and type C phenotype (ischemic) in T1DM suffering from DR. Serum levels of VEGF and its +405G/C polymorphism could be used in the evaluation, development, and progression of DR. 
