BBAuthors: Mostafa, Nada Omar; Advisor: -; Participants: Kabel, Nihal Refaat; Masoud, Muhammad Abbass (2022)
The development and apical closure of permanent teeth are completed following three or four years after the process of eruption (Hargreaves et al. 2013). Deep caries or traumatic injuries within the developmental period usually result in irreversible pulpitis or periapical periodontitis or even necrotic pulp (Hargreaves et al. 2013). Risks accompanied to traditional root canal treatment to undeveloped permanent teeth may occur. It can be due to fractures of thin dentinal walls or inadequate apical seal as apices are widely opened (Kalaskar and Kalaskar 2013; Shabahang 2013). Apexification is used for immature teeth with necrotic pulp, where the induction of apical calcified barrier by... 
